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STEP 1: The first step in this process is to create variation by Hybridization between parents P1 and P2.  STEP 2: The progeny from F1 to F5 generation are grown subsequently as Bulk, So that the plants with suited genotype, produced in bulk (BULK POPULATION)  STEP 3: The next step is selection of individual plants from Bulk Population.  STEP 4: Next step is from each selected plant, a plant row called as Head is selected  STEP 5: The best lines/rows are selected and bulk harvested, Sent for trial and resown for multiplication. WATCH COMPLETE VIDEO FOR SIMPLE AND EASY EXPLANATION:

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Polyploidy is the condition when nucleus consist of more than two set of chromosomes. Allopolyploidy is a type of polyploidy in which nucleus contains more than two set of chromosomes which comes from different species. The resultant HYBRID produced is STERILE because the chromosomes are from different species. The technique is Highly beneficial for plants because the resultant hybrid plant contains advantages characters of both the species. Triticale is an Allopolyploids formed by crossing between Rye and wheat. Some of the crops are also natural allopolyploids. WATCH COMPLETE EXPLANATION VIDEO:  

BASIC PRINCIPLE:  Nucleic Acid footprinting is a method for identifying regions of DNA which are exposed or not bound to any protein. This method involve chemical modification of DNA to enzymatic cleavage. FOR SIMPLE EXPLANATION WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW:  

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Mitochondria Mitochondria is a double membrane bound organelle. Its structure comprises of Outer membrane, Inner membrane, Matrix, Circular dna, RNA, t-RNA and several enzymes. It is the site for ATP production by process called as Oxidative Phosphorylation. Enzymes of ETC are located in inner membrane. ATP synthesis by ATP synthase also located in inner membrane and it is inhibited by Oligomycin. ATP synthase made of two units- F0 is the transport system that transport ADP and Pi into mitochondria. F1 is catalytic unit that synthesis ATP from ADP and Pi. Being a semiautonomous organelle it has its own DNA and RNA Site for TCA cycle and Urea cycle. The enzymes of TCA cycle are also present in matrix. Two of the enzymes of urea cycle are located in matrix and three in cytosol ATP Synthase (Fo-F1 particles) Which of the following is the primary function of mitochondria? A) Protein synthesis B) ATP production C) DNA replication D) Hormone production Which of the following is NOT a compon

Dyes are the water-soluble plant extract that can be obtained from leaves, stem, root and flower. Dyes gives characteristic color to an object. Difference between dyes and Pigments Dyes are water soluble plant extract, while Pigments are insoluble in water. CLASSIFICATION OF DYES. Dyes can be classified into Natural and Synthetic. Natural dyes are the plant extracts. Synthetic dyes are obtained from Coal Tar example: Aniline dye. HOW DYES COLOR THE FABRICS? Fibres contains charged particles, these particles bounded with dyes by Hydrogen and Hydrophobic interactions which is necessary for adsorption of dye on fabric. Fabric contains cellulose which act as binding site for dyes, the number of binding sites can be changed by altering the structural configuration of cellulose polymer. WHAT ARE MORDANTS?  There are some substances that increase the adhesion of dyes to fibres thus act as holdfast on fabrics for dyes knowns as Mordants. Mordants are usually salts of metals. Examples: Copper s

  WHAT ARE CENTERS OF DIVERSITY? Center of Diversity is a place or location were greater genetic diversity or variety of a crop is found. WHO IS VAVILOV? Vavilov, was a Russian geneticist and plant breeder. Vavilov and his colleagues visited several countries and collected cultivated plants from each region. Based on his studies of collection, he proposed eight main centers of diversity and three subsidiary centers of diversity. VAVILOVS CENTERS OF DIVERSITY According to Vavilov there are 8 Main centers of crop diversity: (1) China, (2) India (Hindustan), (3) Central Asia, (4) Asia Minor (5) Mediterranean, (6) Abyssinia, (7) Central America (8) South America. There are three subsidiary centers of diversity. These are:                                                                ( 1) Indo-Malaya, (2) Chile ( 3) Brazil WHAT ARE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CENTERS OF DIVERSITY? Primary center of  diversity is the area where the great diversity of crop originated from wild species is seen. Sec