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 SOMATIC HYBRIDISATION The process of fusion of protoplasm from somatic cells of two species is called as somatic hybridisation. Somatic hybridization is the combination of cytoplasm from two different parents resulting in nuclear-cytoplasmic combinations. Also called as Protoplasmic fusion. Protoplasm is the cell that lacks cell wall The substance that helps in fusion is called as Fusogen or Fusogenic Agents. CYBRIDS  It is the process of fusion of protoplasm of one species with the cytoplasm of other species. The fusion of nucleus of one parent and the extra-nuclear genomes of another parents lead to the formation of cybrids Also called as Cytoplasmic Hybrids. Cybrid carries nuclear genome from one parent and cytoplasmic genome from other parent. FOR COMPLETE AND EASY EXPLANTION WATCH THE VIDEO:

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 What is Cell wall? Some organisms like plants and fungi have an outer layer around cells called as Cell Wall. The composition of cell wall varies in plants and fungi. All plants have cell wall except some. Cell wall provides protection to the protoplasm. The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress. Cell wall of fungi is made up of Chitin a Polysaccharide. In Plants, structurally it is mainly composed of Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Pectic substance. These three substances are Polysaccharides in nature. The main constituent of cell wall is cellulose. PLANT CELL WALL The main constituent of cell wall is Cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer of beta-D-Glucose, each monomer joined together by beta 1-4 linkage of glycosidic bond. Once the polysaccharide Cellulose lie adjacent to each other they start forming microfibrils. Adjacent cellulose packed together parallelly to form cellulose microfibrils

  Basics of Classification The arrangement or grouping of organisms is called as Classification. The organisms are recognized and assembled into groups on the basis of certain resemblance. Taxonomy is the science of identifying, naming and classifying living organisms. Scientific classification is a system of taxonomy used to organise group of organisms based on how closely they are related. The groups thus formed and arranged are assigned to various levels, having a fixed sequence of arrangement. There are several different levels of scientific classification between kingdom to species. The largest group is KINGDOM or DIVISION. The group assigned to the highest category is generally a division and the lowest category is usually a species. The process is repeated until finally all the organisms have been assembled into a single, largest most inclusive group. These groups called as Taxonomic groups or Taxa. The orderly arrangement of taxa is called as taxonomic hierarchy. TYPES OF PL

  Inbreeding Depression Inbreeding is defined as the mating/reproduction of related individuals. Self-pollination is a form of inbreeding. Inbreeding is also used as a method to create genetic uniformity . The individuals produced by inbreeding can be said as Inbreed lines. The reduction in survival and fertility of offspring produced from related individuals is called as INBREEDING DEPRESSION As in the above example upon self-pollination plant produces somewhat less fertile offspring furthur after many generations of self pollination the plants developed are sterile and homozygous this condition of reduced fertility is said to be Inbreeding Depression. For more explanation watch the below video:

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  Extraction of sugar from sugarcane The process of obtaining solid raw sugar (in form of crystals) from liquid sugarcane juice is said to be extraction. Extraction if sugar from sugarcane completed in several steps starting from harvesting of the plant to getting crystals of sugar. Sugarcane is harvested when it reaches the stage of maturity as at this time it is with the highest sucrose content. In most tropical countries the crop is ready to harvest in 14-18 months in plant crop and at 12 months in ratoon or stubble crop. After harvesting the crop is transported to mills, where further processing takes place. The white crystalline sugar from cane is manufactured by following steps: 1. Extraction of Juice: In the milling process the canes are first carried to crushers, where they are cut into small pieces. They are then passed through three sets of rollers. After first round, they are then sprayed with water to dilute what sugar remains, and are passed through the second set. These

  The growth of plants occurs only in certain specific regions where the dividing tissue is present, this dividing tissue is called as Meristematic tissue . TYPES: Depending on the region where they are present, meristematic tissues are classified as apical, lateral and intercalary CELLS: Cells of meristematic tissue are very active, they have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls and prominent nuclei. They lack vacuoles PERMANENT TISSUE The cells formed after division may take up specific role and lack the ability to divide will form permanent tissue. This process of taking up a permanent shape, size, and a function is called differentiation. Differentiation leads to the development of various types of permanent tissues. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE (i) Parenchyma Parenchyma is the most common simple permanent tissue. It consists of relatively unspecialized cells with thin cell wall. They vary in shape from spherical with many flat surfaces, to elongated, lobed, or folded. They are usu