Extraction of sugar from sugarcane easy notes with steps and flowchart

-

 Extraction of sugar from sugarcane

The process of obtaining solid raw sugar (in form of crystals) from liquid sugarcane juice is said to be extraction.

Extraction if sugar from sugarcane completed in several steps starting from harvesting of the plant to getting crystals of sugar.

  • Sugarcane is harvested when it reaches the stage of maturity as at this time it is with the highest sucrose content.
  • In most tropical countries the crop is ready to harvest in 14-18 months in plant crop and at 12 months in ratoon or stubble crop.
  • After harvesting the crop is transported to mills, where further processing takes place.
  • The white crystalline sugar from cane is manufactured by following steps:

1.Extraction of Juice:
  • In the milling process the canes are first carried to crushers, where they are cut into small pieces. They are then passed through three sets of rollers.
  • After first round, they are then sprayed with water to dilute what sugar remains, and are passed through the second set. These rollers exert a large pressure and remove nearly all the moisture.
  • The residue is almost dry called as bagasse. This bagasse, as it is called, can be used as a fuel for the mills, or as a source of paper or wallboard because of its fibrous nature.
  • The juice as it flows from the mill is a dark-grayish sweet liquid full of impurities. It contains sucrose, and other sugars as well, proteins, gums, acids, coloring materials, dirt, and pieces of cane


2.PURIFUCATION:
  • The next step is purification: The purification of the sugar involves the separation of the insoluble materials {defecation} and the precipitation of the soluble nonsugars {clarification}.

2.1 Defecation:

  • The juice is first strained or filtered to remove the solid particles. It is then heated to coagulate the proteins, this process requires the addition of sulphur.
  • Next lime is added to neutralize the acids present, to prevent the conversion of sucrose into less desirable sugars and to precipitate some of the substances in solution.
  • The proteins and colloidal colouring matter are removed from the solution as a thick substance appearing on the surface.
  • Another round of filtration removes the precipitated calcium salts and the thick substance.

2.2 Carbonation:

  • The filtered juice is then led to tanks where it is allowed to come in contact with carbon dioxide (carbonation), a process which removes excess lime as calcium carbonate and also brings about decomposition of calcium sucrate into soluble black sugar.

2.3 Sulphitation:

  • During sulphitation, the filtered carbonated juice is treated with sulphur dioxide to complete the neutralisation of lime and the decomposition of calcium sucrate.
  • After sulphitation the juice is dark colored, and ready for next step-Concentration

3.CONCENTRATION:

  • The purified juice is now led to evaporators where it is boiled until it becomes a thick syrup and a mother liquor.
  • The resulting sticky mass is known as massecuite. The mother liquor slowly percolates through the holes, leaving the crystals of sugar behind. This juice constitutes the molasses.
  • The final stage in the preparation of sugar for the market is the refining.

4.Refining:

  • In refining the crystals are dried in large rotary driers in the presence of a strong current of hot air. The dried granulated sugar passed through rotary driers in the presence of a strong current of hot air. The dried granulated sugar is graded according to size and shipped for export after packaging.
For complete lecture explanation watch the YouTube video



Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Extraction, analysis and quantification of plant hormones

-
Image
Plant Hormone extraction, analysis, and quantitation * Hormone extraction and identification has been made possible due to advances in chemical analysis, chromatographic techniques, and mass spectrometry. * It is difficult to extract and identify plant hormone from plant extract as the extract contains major metabolites, such as sucrose, also hormones concentrations in plant tissues are low up to more than ten times compared to other material in plant tissue. * Another thing that effects identification and extraction is the complexity in structure of plant hormones. * Chemical properties of phytohormone also effect hormone analysis, quantification and extraction. * Wide range of chemical properties, many hormones (e.g., gibberellic acid and brassinosteroids) are quite hydrophobic, while hormones like auxins and cytokinins are more hydrophilic. * Keeping the diversity of solubility, Structure and chemical nature in view, tissue homogenates are subjected to “clean up” or enrichment met
Read more

Cryopreservation

-
Image
Cryopreservation is a conservation method that allows the long-term storage of samples at low temperature up-to -196C making sure that it does not affects cell's viability. It is an important and efficient method for preservation of world's genetic resources. It allows long term conservation of biological material Its simplicity and applicability make it an efficient method. The plant material stored can be- Seed, Shoot tip, Zygotic embryo, somatic embryo, Pollens, different types of plant cells, tissue and organs. Various means for storage at low temperature: At -79°C over solid CO2 At-80 °C in Deep Freezers  At -150 °C in Vapor phase At -196 °C in Liquid Nitrogen These varying temperatures are also called as Sub-Zero temperature. PRINCIPLE The Sub-Zero temperature (below0 °C) makes the cells suspended due to slow down of biological reactions including metabolism, cellular transport, division etc. The cells remain in this suspended state until the temperature is restored. This
Read more

Economic Botany of Datura plant

-
Image
Economic Botany- Morphology, Cultivation and Uses of D atura stramonium  Botanical Name: Datura stramonium Family: Solanaceae Part used: Leaves, flowers, roots and seeds. The genus name Datura is derived from dhatura, the Bengali name for the plant. Datura species, also called thornapple, devil’s apple, angel’s trumpet (in a broad sense) or devil’s trumpet, have their main center of origin in Mexico and the southwest United States (US). It is an aggressive invasive weed in temperate climates and tropical climates across the world. Botanical Description : Dhatura is an annual plant and the length of Dhatura plant, tall and has a pungent odor thus Datura stramonium is a bushy, smooth, annual. The branching stem is spreading and leafy Root: cylindrical, brown, rough-splintered, with lateral branches. Stem: Cylindrical, dichotomously branched, blackish-purple to dark purple in colour, with a very short internode. Leaf: alternately arranged, with a pointed border. Leaves a
Read more