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Plant Hormone extraction, analysis, and quantitation * Hormone extraction and identification has been made possible due to advances in chemical analysis, chromatographic techniques, and mass spectrometry. * It is difficult to extract and identify plant hormone from plant extract as the extract contains major metabolites, such as sucrose, also hormones concentrations in plant tissues are low up to more than ten times compared to other material in plant tissue. * Another thing that effects identification and extraction is the complexity in structure of plant hormones. * Chemical properties of phytohormone also effect hormone analysis, quantification and extraction. * Wide range of chemical properties, many hormones (e.g., gibberellic acid and brassinosteroids) are quite hydrophobic, while hormones like auxins and cytokinins are more hydrophilic. * Keeping the diversity of solubility, Structure and chemical nature in view, tissue homogenates are subjected to “clean up” or enrichment met...

Types of life cycle in algae- Haplontic, Diplontic, Haplobiontic, Diplohaplontic for Bsc and Msc with Notes

Life cycle is the sequence of changes in morphological phases during the growth and development of organism. A life cycle with two generations- Sporophyte and Gametophyte is called as Alteration of Generation. When the Gametophyte does not resemble the Sporophyte, this is called as Heteromorphic Alteration of Generation. When the Gametophyte resemble the Sporophyte this is called as Homomorphic Alteration of Generation. Sporophyte are always diploid with cells capable of undergoing Meiosis and form Haploid spores. On the basis of occurrence of haploid and diploid phase alternating with each other five types of cycles : Haplontic Diplontic Diplohaplontic Haplobiontic Diplobiontic Haplontic Life Cycle In this type of life cycle the vegetative plant is haploid/ Gametophyte. Haploid gametes are produced by male and female Gametophyte. Gametes unite to form diploid zygote or Sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores by MEIOSIS. These haploid spores give rise to gametophyte(h...

Pollination in Plants and its Types.

What is Pollination? The process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of flower is called as Pollination. Types of Pollination 1.Self Pollination/ Autogamy: The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of same flower is called as Self Pollination. Homogamy is that condition in which anther and stigma mature at same time that promotes self-pollination In some plants the anthers bend toward stigma for pollination, carpel curls to receive pollen and in some cases movement of sepals and petals bring anther and stigma together in a same flower. CLEISTOGAMY: The bisexual flowers that do not open are cleistogamous flowers. Pollination in cleistogamous flowers is called as cleistogamy. They are very small and not coloured. Examples: Viola, Oxalis, Commelina benghalensis, Drosera. 2. Geitonogamy: The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of flower on same plant or genetically similar plant is called as Geitonogamy. 3.Cross Pollination/Al...

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